Opening the archive
Invasion & Resistance: six waves, 712–1761 CE
Six invasion waves — Arab, Turkic, Mongol, Timurid, Mughal and Afghan — with the resisting kings and dynasties, the outcome of each, and the popular claims the record does not support.
Headline figures, with their qualifications
- 179 dated events recorded
- Across 1,526 years, each with tradition, attribution and evidence tier.
- 14.49 million Partition migrants counted
- All religions. The largest forced migration ever documented, counted by two hostile governments.
- 18–22 million Hindus and Sikhs displaced in the modern era
- A range, not a point figure. The most-displaced religious group of the modern era.
- 85–97% of recorded deaths are colonial-era famine
- Everything else across thirteen centuries totals roughly 0.85–6.4 million. The medieval toll is unknowable.
- 408 of 428 temples in Pakistan found converted
- A finding of Pakistan's own Supreme Court.
- 2.6 million acres seized by statute in Bangladesh
- Counted by Bangladeshi economist Abul Barkat under the Vested Property Act.
- 238 candidate claims in the collection
- Research records, not counts of verified incidents.
- 105 source records read and logged
- With reading scope, access level and stated limitations.
Everything in the archive
- Timeline: 179 dated events, 3000 BCE–2026
- Invasion & Resistance: the six waves and who resisted them
- Explore the data: maps, country series and state figures
- Story galleries: 33 researched briefs
- Evidence & fact checker: 238 claims, 105 sources
- The full report: 23 sections in eight parts
- Research desk: dated findings
- Methodology and evidence tiers
- Corrections: 63 recorded changes
- Library: source documents
- About the project
Counts above describe the research collection and its sources. They are not counts of independently verified incidents. Disputed figures are published as ranges with named sources, and withdrawn figures stay visible in the corrections record.